Industrial Explosion ProtectionATEX Technologies Overview

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Issue Time: Mar 5,2019

Summary

Commonly begins with the ignition of a fuel that burns very rapidly.

Produces a large and sudden release of gas

An explosion need not involve a fire.

When a container bursts from increased internal pressure, sudden release also called an explosion

Industrial Explosion ProtectionATEX Technologies Overview

Characteristics of An Explosion

Commonly begins with the ignition of a fuel that burns very rapidly.

Produces a large and sudden release of gas

An explosion need not involve a fire.

When a container bursts from increased internal pressure, sudden release also called an explosion.

Explosion Pentagon

•Combustible Dust (Fuel)

•Oxygen (Air)

•Ignition Source (electrostatic discharge, electric current arc, glowing ember, hot surface, welding slag, frictional heat or flame)

•Dust Suspension in air exceeding the MEC

•Confinement (vessel, room, building, ductwork)

Secondary Explosions

Secondary dust explosions, due to inadequate housekeeping and excessive dust accumulations.

Secondary dust explosions due to propagation through interconnected ducts, chutes, conveyors, …etc.

SECONDARY EXPLOSIONS ARE THE MAIN THREAT TO PERSONNEL AND PROPERTY!

Deflagration Principle

Flame Speed 30 ft/s

30 ft/s (9m/s)

Pressure Wave 1100 ft/s

1100 ft/s (335 m/s)

Industries At Risk

Chemical

Petrochemical

Grain

Food

Pharmaceutical

Aerosol

Steel

Cement

Wood

Food Manufacturing Industries

•Starch Manufacturing and Handling

•Cereal Plants

•Breweries

•Sugar Refining

•Dairy Products

•Chocolate Manufacturing

•Food Flavorings and Additives

•Dairy

Starch Manufacturing, Mixing/Handling

•Ingredion (National Starch)

•MGP Ingredients

•Cargill

•Grain Processing Corp.

•ADM

•Tate & Lyle

•Firmenich

•Givaudan Roure

Cereal Plants

•Kelloggs

•Kraft/Post Foods

•Ralston Purina

•Quaker Oats

Chocolate/Candy Mfgs.

•Nestles

•Hersheys

•M&M Mars

•Just Born

•Malt Plants

•Breweries

•Anheuser-Busch

•Labatts

•Coors

•Rolling Rock

Food Additives

•Solae Company

•International Flavors and Fragrances

Sugar •Western Sugar•American Sugars•Imperial Sugars•American Crystal Sugars，Dairy Products (powder) •Kraft Foods•AC Humco•Nestles

•Dairy Farmers of America，Others, including:•Cake mix plants•Food thickeners•Contract mixing/packaging•Flour milling

Grain Handling Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

•ADM •Pill Manufacturers

•Powder Manufacturing/Handling

•Pill Coaters

•Cargill

•Bunge

•Harvest States

•Central Soya

•The Andersons

Chemical Manufacturing

•Plastics - ABS, Phenolic Resins

•Polyethylene

•Acrylics

•Methylcellulose

•Pigments, Dyes

•Epoxies

•Fertilizers, Herbicides, Pesticides

•Ink Toners

•Stearates

Equipment At Risk :

Dust Collectors Reactors

Bins, Hoppers, Silos

Pneumatic Conveying

Mechanical Conveying

Cyclones

Dryers (Spray, Fluid Bed, Rotary)

Mixers, Blenders

Mills, Grinders, Pulverizers

Deflagration Pressure vs. Time

Deflagration Classification:

ST Classification:ST-1, ST-2, ST-3; Rst Value:1-200;201-300,301-above
Example:Pittsburgh seam coal has a Kst of 129 bar-m/sec,making it an ST-1 dust Applicable Codes (USA)

§NFPA 654 Combustible Particulate Solids

§NFPA 664 Wood Processing

§NFPA 61 Agricultural and Food Products

§NFPA 484 Metal Dusts

§NFPA 30B Aerosol Products

§NFPA 68 Venting of Deflagrations

§NFPA 69 Explosion Prevention Systems

§NFPA 652 Fundamentals of Combustible Dust

Technologies Explosion Protection

•Deflagration Suppression

•Deflagration Relief Venting

oStandard

oFlameless

•Deflagration Isolation

oActive

oPassive